Hot-swap circuits are among those measures put in place to protect equipment or personnel, or both. Some power supplies, for example, have built-in and adjustable current limiting (standard in ...

In the late 1990s I was working for a company that manufactures sub-systems for tramways, subways and light rail car manufacturers. One day my boss tells me that one of our inverters, a 5 kW DC to ...

There are many cases where a power supply needs an internal current-limiter function, usually built using a current sensor, a control circuit, and a pass transistor. The current sensor itself can be a ...

MJE1123, once from Motorola and now from New Jersey Semi-conductor Products, is a rather specialised transistor. It is a 40V 4A power pnp with high gain and good saturation (200mV max at 1A). The ...

The transistor is probably the most important invention in electronic engineering and the basis for nearly all integrated circuits (ICs). The transistor is a three-terminal electronic device that can ...

In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors are “backward” but ...