Researchers at University of Tsukuba have developed a technology for real-time estimation of the valence state and growth rate of iron oxide thin films during their formation. This novel technology ...

Thin film technology focuses on the deposition and analysis of functional material layers on a substrate. These layers are essential building blocks in modern devices, like the microchips found in ...

In reactive sputtering process with an Ar + O₂ gas mixture, the plasma emission observed near the cathode changes in appearance. When the oxygen content is high, the plasma exhibits a reddish-violet ...